¹Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius, Russia
²JSC «Sites-Tsentr», Moscow, Russia

Abstract. The complex structural and functional organization of biological systems causes the application of mathematical modelling methods in the study of cause-and-effect relationships in living systems, as well as their regulatory mechanisms in response and adaptation to various environmental conditions. In particular, in the field of studying the adaptation mechanisms of one of the key human physiological systems, skeletal muscles, in response to physical exerсise, multilscale models describing the mechanisms of muscle tissue response during exercise and at rest at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels of their organization have been built. These models and the simulations performed supplement the understanding of adaptive processes occurring in muscles and their metabolic consequences. In this overview, we describe the main advantages, limitations and drawbacks of existing models of muscle fibers adaptation to an exercise at different hierarchical levels. We also consider the modular modelling approach on the example of human skeletal muscle as one of the most adequate theoretical approach for studying the mechanisms and processes of adaptation of physiological systems to various stress conditions from the regulatory level of transcription-translation of enzymes associated with the energy metabolism to the interaction of the human muscular and blood systems.

Key words: human skeletal muscles, metabolism, signaling pathways, regulation of gene expression, mathematical modeling, modular modeling approach